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hello I'm je Hill welcome to NASA's Jet

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Propulsion Laboratory 2011 is one of the

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busiest years ever and planet

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exploration we have four space missions

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launching this year plus a meet up with

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an asteroid just weeks away in the last

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few months we've had to comment flybys

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on Valentine's Day Stardust next took us

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on a return visit to comet Tempel 1 and

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in November JPL is EPOXI mission zoom

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past of peanut-shaped comet Hartley 2

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and found itself in an ice storm flew by

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at a speed of about 27,000 miles per

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hour and the spacecraft was slightly

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below the comet in some plane who would

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have thought that we actually get to see

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a comet close up like we just did

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and when we first saw this our mouths

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just drop to me this whole thing looks

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like a snow globe that you're just

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simply shaken and watching it fly when

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we saw the images come down even in real

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time in the raw data and realized we had

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a cloud of snow around the nucleus we

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were astounded those are not stars those

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are all chunks of ice we think the

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biggest ones are at least the size of a

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golf ball and possibly up to the size of

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a basketball so what that means is that

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the snowballs are not what we might have

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thought to begin with we're not seeing

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softballs

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or even ice cubes what we're seeing are

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fluffy aggregates of very small pieces

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of ice was this mission a hundred

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percent successful in terms of the

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science I would have to say no it was a

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thousand percent successful we achieved

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all of our science objectives we do in

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fact have a comparison of the deep

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impact area and in fact does show an

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impact crater

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this spacecraft Stardust went through

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this cloud of dust and rocks coming off

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the comet we have instruments on the

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front of the spacecraft call it dust

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flux monitor instrument and they have

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sensor to detect these impacts a good

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analogy of thinking of a like a b-17 in

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World War 2 flying through flack I have

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a message for any school kids out there

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who might be wondering how NASA can send

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a spacecraft billions of miles through

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the solar system and somehow wind up

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flying so close to a tiny comet only a

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few kilometers in diameter it's done

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with math did you know that both comet

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missions were carried out using recycled

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spacecraft that's right they were

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originally used for other missions and

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repurposed to conduct new jobs before

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the fuel ran out makes economic sense a

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way of stretching taxpayer dollars by

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doing a second mission at one-tenth of

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the usual cost another mission that

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studying small solar system bodies is

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about to reach a major milestone JPL's

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dawn is just months away from reaching

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its first port of call in the asteroid

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belt Vesta some people think it's an

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asteroid but others think it's a proto

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planet a celestial body that almost

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formed into a planet but never quite

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made it

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the missions goal is to compare Vesta

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and the dwarf planet Ceres two of the

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largest residents of the asteroid belt

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the spacecraft is on its final approach

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to Vesta and should arrive around July

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16th dawn will orbit Vesta for one year

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and then head to its second destination

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Ceres in 2015

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scientists think both alien worlds will

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provide important insights into the dawn

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of the solar system that's why the

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mission is called

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JPL robotic missions teach us about

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other worlds they also teach us a lot

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about one very important planet how we

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roam this June our Aquarius mission will

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launch from Vandenberg Air Force Base to

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begin studying an important piece of

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Earth's climate puzzle salt salt and the

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oceans affect the water cycle ocean

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circulation and our climate when we're

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talking about salt in the ocean we're

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talking pretty much the same salt that

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you use in cooking the chemical known as

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sodium chloride you've been to the beach

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you've gone swimming in the ocean you

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know that the ocean is salty what most

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people don't recognize is that the

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concentration of salt or what we call

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salinity varies quite a bit from one

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part of the ocean to another when water

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evaporates off the sea surface and goes

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into the atmosphere that makes the water

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saltier because you're taking fresh

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water out and you're leaving more salt

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behind as the minerals of the salt

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circulates around in the oceans it moves

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heat around heat that's carried by the

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ocean affects the atmosphere the changes

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of the atmosphere and the sea surface

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temperature is coupled together

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it controls climate we have measured sea

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surface temperature you measured winds

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over water sea level rise color of the

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ocean but yet we do not know one of the

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fundamental properties that affect climb

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which is the density the concentration

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of salt in the ocean salinity is one of

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the missing parameters will never be

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measured from space before we have no

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salinity samples at all from parts of

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the world particularly in the southern

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hemisphere in the South Pacific and the

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South Atlantic and southern Indian

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Oceans so there's a big date again this

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mission called Aquarius is one the most

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exciting mission to date it measures how

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salty the ocean is from space as you

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take a pinch of salt we put in a gallon

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of water we can measure that kind of

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sensitivity of salt from 408 miles above

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the earth in seven days we'll map the

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entire Earth and go back to the same

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point measuring it over and over again

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and we'll monitor over time how the

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changes in variability are by having

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salinity information from space or

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provide this missing link and make

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better predictions on the climate change

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in climate model all the measurements

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that we make in the Earth Sciences

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program within NASA are really to better

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understand the climate processes that

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are happening now how we can use that

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information to better predict the future

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so we can plan better salinity is one of

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those measurements that we need to fill

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an important gap to do that very thing

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that's how it affects you and me and the

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person next door another earth mission

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the gravity and recovery climate

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experiment or grace is so successful

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there's about to be a spinoff the

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technology of using twin satellites to

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make detailed measurements of Earth's

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gravity field that grace demonstrated

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will now be applied to the moon it's

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about to be huge in a mission called the

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Gravity Recovery and interior laboratory

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or Grail we've landed people on the moon

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we've orbited spacecraft around the moon

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but the part of lunar understanding that

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we don't get

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is what's inside the Grail is a mission

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which is going to study the interior

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structure and evolution of the moon will

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actually be sending two spacecraft to

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the moon by measuring distance change

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between the two spacecraft very

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precisely believe it or not we're going

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to be able to reconstruct what the

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interior of the moon is made of and how

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it got to be the way that it is today

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it's a little bit like doing a cat scan

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of the moon understanding the lunar

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interior allows us to go back and study

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aspects of what the earth was like in

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its earliest history Grail is the first

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planetary mission to carry instruments

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that are entirely devoted to education

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and outreach we will have up to four

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cameras on each Grail spacecraft that

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will be used solely for schoolchildren

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to propose targets that they would like

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to image on the surface of the Moon we

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expect students to learn a lot about the

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process of what it takes to operate

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instrumentation in space this experiment

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is going to teach students a great deal

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about the moon itself and we also expect

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that it's gonna go a long way towards

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helping students understand just how

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much fun science and engineering is as a

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career the Grail mission launches in

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September now let's check out our Mars

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exploration Rovers Spirit and

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Opportunity the Rovers were built with

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warranties to operate 90 days on Mars

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instead they've both given us years of

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bonus time and missions the spirit

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hasn't communicated with earth since

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March 2010 and it's possible we may not

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hear from it again but opportunity

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remains active and continues its long

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it's been seven years since the rover's

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landed on Mars this was originally a

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90-day mission only three months the

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fact that they lasted this long and

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driven this far was a nobody's

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imagination opportunity is crossed

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almost 26 kilometers of Adama tree and

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it's still in very good health that

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opportunities and kind of a desert trek

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mode ever since we've left Victoria

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opportunity now is located at Santa

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Maria crater it's one of the freshest

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craters that other Rovers had a chance

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to explore and there's also evidence of

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some hydrated sulfate minerals around

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the southeast corner of this crater they

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can only form when there's been water

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along for a really long period of time

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the next big adventure for that Rover

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and that's to get to Endeavour crater

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which is a giant crater that still some

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six kilometers away from where the rover

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is right now we're trying to do a

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balance of driving as fast as we can but

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making sure we don't miss anything

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critical as we drive it endeavors such a

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large crater we might start seeing rocks

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ejected from Endeavour

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well before we get there that's our next

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big objective because we know there are

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these clay minerals present in the rim

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of the crater that is suggestive of

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ancient water on Mars that was a neutral

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pH neutral water is what astrobiologists

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assess that life started in and so the

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fact that there is evidence of ancient

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neutral water on Mars is very exciting

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for the bio potential of the planet it's

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an exciting time over the next year or

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for now

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all eyes are focused on our next Rover

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mission to the red planet the Mars

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Science Laboratory better known as

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curiosity

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we've been documenting the construction

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and testing and we put it on the web in

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today it's a really exciting day it's a

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milestone for MSL in a sense the first

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time we're seeing the rover derive its

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own wheels its own mobility system it's

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gone from designs on napkins to

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PowerPoint you know to CAD drawings to

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blueprints and now it's a rover so just

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recently we installed the robotic arm

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with a major milestone for the project

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not only for the engineers that worked

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on this arm for years designing

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assembling it and finally delivering it

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but for the project as a whole the tests

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we're doing now are actually helping us

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learn how to drive the arm from both the

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operator side as well as the flight

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software side helping us develop that

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4-over hand-eye coordination we just

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recently completed testing the wheels

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and suspension system on the flight

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rover it's a classic Walker bogie

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suspension system we've used the last

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two generations and Mars rovers so for

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this mission mobility system not only

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drives the rover around it's also the

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landing gear the wheels are actually the

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first thing to make contact with the

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surface of Mars so what we're doing

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today is we're getting ready for system

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tests so what the guys are doing now is

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they're electrically connecting up each

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of the vehicles together so that thinks

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it's mechanically hooked together which

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tells the rover or makes the rover think

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that it's going to go through all its

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mission phases we ran a major test

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called the sky crane full motion drop

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test so this is the sequence leading up

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we're here in the environmental test

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facility at JPL where curiosity is going

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through a series of random vibration

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the marsh ad was created to try to

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simulate the types of different terrains

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that we might encounter on the surface

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of Mars we have everything on this Mars

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yard from rocks that are the size of

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about 25 to 30 inches in height to

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varying slope we just got out of

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vibration testing which is the cake

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portion and now we're moving on to the

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baked portion which would be our thermal

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vacuum testing at which point we can

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start changing the temperature inside

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and pumping down the pressure to

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simulate Mars conditions we've done a

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lot of testing already here at JPL now

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we're packing up our table and getting

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ready to ship it to Florida in Florida

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we'll be doing the most exciting test of

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all a full spacecraft with fuel loaded

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on the table measuring it to make sure

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jpo rovers come in all shapes and sizes

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one of them the all-terrain hex lemmed

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extraterrestrial Explorer is enormous

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athlete as it's called is big because

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it's designed for human exploration it's

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superb but despite its size it's quite

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nimble just for fun we took a fleets

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moves and sped them up to music and put

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the video on YouTube it got more than

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175,000 hits plus a spot on the TV show

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So You Think You Can Dance

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moving on now from our biggest Rover to

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the largest planet our mission Juno head

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to the granddaddy in the solar system

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Jupiter Jupiter's composition hasn't

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changed since the solar system began and

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scientists believe studying it will be

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like looking into a time capsule that's

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5 billion years old Jupiter is the fifth

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planet from the Sun and the largest

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planet in our solar system because of

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its enormous size and powerful gravity

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it's believed jupiter has influenced the

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formation and evolution of the other

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bodies that orbit our Sun hundreds of

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scientists and engineers in five

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countries have been working for more

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than 10 years to design and build a

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spacecraft to Jupiter mission Juno will

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conduct an unprecedented examination of

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the atmosphere the interior and the vast

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magnetic field of the giant planet if we

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want to understand how two planets form

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how two solar systems form we really

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have to start with Jupiter by studying

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Jupiter you're gonna get one piece of

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the puzzle not necessarily how life

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formed but maybe how the ingredients

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that made up life eventually got spread

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around in the early solar system and got

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to us when the earth formed in the

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absence of Jupiter it probably would

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have gathered very little water and

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organic molecules which would have been

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concentrated in the colder outer part of

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the solar system

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what Jupiter evidently did as it formed

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was to scatter cold material that

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contained water ice and organic

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materials to the inner solar system

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where it could be captured by the earth

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and any other terrestrial planets we

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learned about the origin of the solar

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system we're learning about our own

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origins we're learning about how life

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comes to be about who we are and what

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our places in the universe it's about

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knowledge and about humanity's quest to

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understand Juno will study Jupiter in

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unprecedented detail for more than a

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year

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in our quest to unlock the history of

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the planets Jupiter is the gateway and

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Juno is the key the Juno mission is

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scheduled for launch in early August so

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there now you're up to date and

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up-to-the-minute with JPL highlights

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visit our homepage at JPL nasa.gov

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you'll find all sorts of things there

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including our new space images website

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00:18:50,200 --> 00:18:47,540
and great apps for your iPhone iPad and

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00:18:53,950 --> 00:18:50,210
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00:18:56,650 --> 00:18:53,960
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00:19:02,680 --> 00:18:59,150
can always connect with us on Facebook

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